Cancer is an ordeal that 20 million new patients face each year. The diagnosis, treatments, and fatigue are just some of the difficulties patients must confront. It's a complicated journey, and having support is essential, not only for companionship but also to reduce the risk of death. Indeed, for the first time, a meta-analysis shows that loneliness and social isolation increase the risk of death in people with cancer by 111%. The results are published in the journal BMJ Oncology.
In France, 12 % of those over 15 years of age are in a situation of objective relational isolation, that is to say that they have no or very little physical contact with other people, according to the Foundation of FranceThe feeling of loneliness affects 1 in 4 people, with a notable peak among young working adults aged 25 to 39 (more than 1 in 3 feel particularly lonely). Research has already shown that loneliness is linked to numerous adverse health effects, such as cognitive problems, sleep disorders, pain, and immune dysfunction. Similarly, social isolation is associated with malnutrition, physical inactivity, elevated levels of C-reactive protein—a marker of inflammation in the body—weakened immune function, and high lipid levels.
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Loneliness and its biological effects on the body
For the first time, a meta-analysis reviewed 16 studies, encompassing more than 1.5 million patients. This research was conducted in Canada, France, Great Britain, Finland, Ireland, Japan, and the United States, on individuals with all types of cancer, whose average age was 63. To measure each participant's level of loneliness and social isolation, the authors used two leading scientific scales in the field: one designed for patients in general and the other specifically for cancer patients. Overall, loneliness was associated with a 341% increased risk of death from all causes. For cancer patients in particular, the risk was 111% increased.
But how, specifically, can solitude affect the human body? From a biological perspective, the stress response triggered by loneliness can lead to immune dysregulation and increased inflammatory activity, thus contributing to the progression of the disease.", explain the researchers from the University of Toronto in Canada, who conducted this study. "For example, several studies have shown that social isolation is characterized by an increase in inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, which are associated with the risk and progression of cancer."
Moreover, a recent analysis A study conducted on 42,062 participants identified several plasma proteins linking loneliness to inflammation, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and mortality. These results highlight the potential influence of social relationships on health through underlying biological mechanisms.
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A psychosocial burden
From a psychosocial perspective, the burden on cancer patients often includes forms of isolation stemming directly from the illness and the experience of treatment. This includes the inability of loved ones to understand the fears associated with cancer, the stigma associated with the visible effects of cancer (such as hair loss, loss of mobility), and the anxiety experienced by cancer survivors."The research team explains. Physical changes related to treatment, such as fatigue or cognitive problems, can limit social interactions. Prolonged medicalization can also erode their sense of identity and connection to a social circle." From a practical point of view, patients also lack the means to continue their social life, such as being able to attend an event or manage their symptoms. »
In general, loneliness is an established risk factor for psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis, which can contribute to the increased risk of death for cancer patients. At least 30 to 35% of cancer patients suffer from psychiatric disorders. In addition, 15 to 20% of patients experience disorders related to their cancer diagnosis, such as demoralization and existential angst.
This meta-analysis does, however, have limitations, the authors caution. All the included studies were observational, meaning they observed phenomena without direct intervention. The results do not allow for establishing a definitive causal link. But in any case, this research encourages us to check in on and stay in touch with those around us who are ill. At the very least, to provide them with daily support. And perhaps even to lower their risk of death.
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